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                    <text>Source credit: W. and D. Downey via the British Library &#13;
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                    <text>Source credit: Elliot &amp; Fry via British Newspaper Archive &#13;
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                    <text>Source credit: British Newspaper Archive https://www.olivemalvery.com/</text>
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                    <text>Source credit: via archive.org https://www.olivemalvery.com/</text>
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              <text>Olive Christian Malvery was born in 1871 in Lahore, which was then a part of British India and is now in modern Pakistan. This is according to baptismal records. Olive reported herself as being younger than she was, leading to discrepancies in her age. She was raised as an Anglican by her maternal grandparents after her parents separated. She moved to London in 1898 to become a professional singer, training at the Royal College of Music. While training, her recitals of poems focused on Indian themes, garnered great attention.  After her training, she turned to journalism and philanthropy, focusing on raising money for orphanages. She worked as an investigative journalist, going into communities in disguise to understand their struggles. She worked at a sweet shop, as a pedlar, a factory girl, and as a waitress, among many other roles. She wrote about prostitution and the sexual exploitation of women, the working conditions of women and labour laws. She published many works, and she donated her royalties to shelters for homeless women and Christian charitable organisations. In 1905, she married a Scottish-born US diplomat, Archibald Mackirdy. Her bridesmaids were Hoxton Costermongers, and she invited 1000 working girls as guests. She had 3 children before Archibald died in 1909. She joined the Church League for Women’s Suffrage in 1909, and it didn’t take long for her to rise in the organisation as a member. She headlined an event at Steinway Hall within her first year as a member. She believed in action first, helping women into shelters to care for their immediate needs. Women’s suffrage was a means to prevent injustices by a government that was corrupt without the influence of women. She openly criticised the differences between the custodial sentences of men who sexually exploited women and suffragettes. 25% of the profits from her publication ‘the white slave market’ went to the NUWSS election fighting fund. During the 1911 census, she was staying at Barton Court Hotel in New Milton, Hampshire. Her age is reported as 29, which would be incorrect according to the baptismal records. The birthplace, marriage status and length and number of children reported all match up to the information confirmed about Olive. Olive regularly lied about her age on official documents, so it is believed this is her census. She spoke at a meeting in 1912 held at St Clare Castle, Ryde on the Isle of Wight, which was instrumental in forming the Ryde branch of the NUWSS. Over her lifetime, she donated enough money to build two homeless shelters for women in London. She died in 1914 due to an illness associated with cancer. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999); Ross, Ellen, Slum Travelers : Ladies and London Poverty 1860-1920 (Berkeley, Calif. ; London, University Of California Press, 2007); Donovan, Stephen, &amp; Rubery, Matthew, Secret Commissions : An Anthology of Victorian Investigative Journalism (Peterborough, Ontario, Broadview Press, 2012). Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Lady Frances Balfour. Source and credit: © National Portrait Gallery, London</text>
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                    <text>Source: Isle of Wight Times, 2 Nov 1911</text>
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                    <text>1911 census finds Lady Balfour visiting the Bishop of the Church of England. Source: courtesy The National Archives</text>
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              <text>Frances Elizabeth Balfour was born in 1858 to her father, the 8th duke of Argyll and her mother, the daughter of the 2nd duke of Sutherland. She was brought up in a traditionally liberal household. Her family strongly supported slave emancipation. Her eldest brother married Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria. Frances Married Architect Eustace Balfour in 1879. Eustace was the younger brother of Arthur Balfour, the Conservative Prime Minister from 1902-1905. Frances and Eustace had 5 children together. She became close friends with her sister-in-law, Lady Betty Balfour, who was also the sister of Lady Constance Lytton. In her memoirs, she said she always passively believed in women's suffrage, and she began helping the cause in the 1880s, working with active suffragists, Miss Jenner. Her political education grew as she became a member of the executive committee of the Unionist Women’s Association from the 1890s. In 1896, she became the president of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage as well as a member of the special appeals committee. In 1904, she became president of the Central Society for Women’s Suffrage, a position she held until 1914. In 1906, she became a member of the Women’s Franchise Declaration Committee. In that same year, she donated 1 guinea to the WSPU to help fund the Savoy banquet for released suffragette prisoners. She reluctantly took part in the mud march held by the NUWSS in 1907. She became a member of the NUWSS executive committee in 1903, but in a 1911 meeting, it was decided she would not be re-elected as she didn’t attend enough meetings. However, if she were not re-elected, she would be named vice-president. Frances complied with the 1911 census. She is recorded as a visitor at the palace in Peterborough, which is the residence of the bishop of Peterborough. However, she is placed on the map where she was based throughotu the campaign in Kensington, London. On the 27th of October 1911, she spoke at a NUWSS meeting in Newport on the Isle of Wight, chaired by MP Douglas Hall. She also spoke in Shanklin the next day at a meeting for the NUWSS. As a traditional Liberal, she was initially against the NUWSS election fighting fund, but she later came around to it as she felt it was the correct approach. She continued her work with women after the war. In 1922, she became vice president of the Elizabeth Garrett Hospital and of Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for women and children. She died in 1931. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999). Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University</text>
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                    <text>Mary is on the right with her sister Anna Maria on the left and Margaret Tanner standing . Source and credit: Thanks to Andrew Gillett Trust https://alfredgilletttrust.org/</text>
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                    <text>1911 census. Source: Courtesy The National Archives</text>
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              <text>37 Durdham Park, Redland, Bristol BS6 6XF</text>
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              <text>Mary was born in 1830 in Newcastle. Her mother, Rachel Bragg, was a prominent anti-slavery agitator. Alongside her sister, Anna Maria, she signed the 1866 suffrage petition. Mary moved to Bristol with her sister in 1870, where they both lived at 37 Durdham Park until their deaths. Mary engaged in Tax non-payment alongside Anna Maria, where their dining chairs were removed to pay the tax until someone anonymously paid the fine, and their chairs were returned. Mary followed her older sister’s activism, being a member of the executive committee of the Women’s Liberal Federation in Bristol in 1898. She also became a member of the executive committee for the Union of Practical Suffragists, set up by her sister Anna Maria in 1896. Mary joined the WSPU alongside Anna Maria in 1907, with them jointly contributing £25 in 1908 and a further £10 in September and October 1909. She contributed to the election expenses of George Lansbury, a suffrage candidate supported by Christabel Pankhurst. She complied with the 1911 census alongside Anna Maria as by this time, like her sister, had instead become a member of the peaceful NUWSS. Due to her Quaker beliefs, Mary was a pacifist who was deeply concerned by the Boer War at its outbreak in 1899.  Mary died within 5 days of her older sister Anna Maria in October 1914, and it has been inferred they were heartbroken at the looming prospect of the Great War and one the loss of the other. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999); Liddington, Jill, Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the Census (Manchester 2014). Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University. </text>
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              <text>Lilian Ida Lenton was born in 1891 in Leicester to Isaac and Mahalah Lenton. She evaded the 1911 census with her mother while living at 32 Pennywell Road in Bristol. The location on the map is approximated due to extensive redevelopment. She joined the WSPU in 1912 after turning 21 and completing her education. She was first arrested as ‘Ida Inkley’ for participating in a WSPU window-smashing campaign and imprisoned for 2 months. When the WSPU continued militancy in 1913, she set fire to the tea pavilion at Kew Gardens with the help of fellow suffragette Olive Wharry. After being arrested, she went on a hunger strike for 2 days, during which she was forcibly fed by a nasal tube. She was released after falling ill due to food entering her lungs. The home secretary faced criticism for claiming it was her hunger strike that led to her illness, and she was not force-fed, despite Home Office papers clearly detailing Lilian Lenton being force-fed. She avoided recapture after her recovery but was re-arrested in Doncaster as ‘May Dennis’ for being on the premises of an unoccupied house that was on fire. Lilian Lenton was released from Armley prison after a multiple-day hunger strike in which she was not forcibly fed. She again escaped police, leading to Leeds police publishing a damming report on how she has evaded their control. She escaped by private yacht to France, leading to the Home Office releasing a wanted picture of Lenton. She returned to England soon after her escape to be rearrested at Paddington station in 1913 after trying to claim a bike from lost property. She again went on a hunger strike and was forcibly fed until her release, where she avoided recapture until the 22nd of December 1913 after setting fire to a house in Cheltenham. After hunger and thirst striking again, she was released into the care of Mrs Impey in Birmingham on Christmas Day. She recalled in an interview with the BBC in 1960 that there was a gap between the Cheltenham police ‘depositing’ her at the house and the arrival of Birmingham police to survey the house and prevent her escape until she could be rearrested under the cat and mouse act. She used that gap to escape and described the Birmingham police as ‘surrounding the house watching for the mouse that had already escaped’. She evaded police until May 1914, when she was arrested in Birkenhead but soon released under the Cat and Mouse act due to Lenton's hunger strike. She was not arrested again as she avoided recapture until the WSPU ended their militancy in August 1914 because of the outbreak of war. Lenton later expressed in a BBC interview that she was not satisfied with the terms of the women's vote granted in 1918, as she could not vote for many years despite being over 30, as she didn’t have a husband or meet the property qualifications. During the First World War, Lenton worked in Serbia with the Scottish Women's Hospital unit and later worked for the British Embassy in Stockholm. From 1924-33, she was a travelling organiser and speaker for the Women’s Freedom League, editing the WFL bulletin. In 1970, she helped unveil a memorial to the women who fought for the vote in Christchurch Gardens, Westminster. She died in 1972, aged 84. Liddington, Jill, Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the Census (Manchester, 2014); Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999); ‘BBC Archive 1960: Lilian Lenton Suffragettes’ (2024)BBC &lt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/videos/c72p2n2479go&gt;; ‌Bell, Bethan (2018) ‘Actresses and Arsonists: Women Who Won the Vote’, BBC News &lt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-42635771&gt; .Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University. </text>
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                    <text>Annie Kenney in a car with Mrs Pankhurst. Source: Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 (London, UCL Press, 1999).</text>
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                    <text>Annie's National Registration Act 1915 certificate. Source &amp; copyright: Estate of Annie Kenney. All rights reserved. Included by kind permission of Warwick Kenney-Taylor (son of Annie Kenney) and later generations of the Kenney and Taylor families.</text>
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                    <text>Annie Kenney holding her son Warwick. The reverse reads: 'Warwick Kenney Taylor at three months old. Taken Isle of Arran, Scotland, 1921.' Source: Estate of Annie Kenney. All rights reserved. Kind permission of Warwick Kenney-Taylor (son of Annie Kenney) and later generations of the Kenney and Taylor families.</text>
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              <text>Annie Kenney was born to Ann Wood and Horatio Kenney in Lancashire in 1879. Three of her sisters, Jessie, Jane and Nell, were also involved in the suffrage movement. She began part-time work in a mill at 10 years old, meaning the image of her as a suffragette mill girl was often used in campaign propaganda to appeal to working class women. After the sudden death of her mother in 1905, she was invited with her sisters to the spring meeting of the Oldham Trades Council, which was focused on the suffrage movement led by Christabel Pankhurst and Teresa Billington. After attending, Annie promised to set up a meeting with other factory women in Oldham and Leeds. On the 13th of October 1905, Annie was arrested with Christabel Pankhurst at a Liberal party meeting held by Winston Churchill and Sir Edward Grey in Manchester. Annie had asked if the Liberals would make Women’s suffrage a government measure, and the pair were removed from the meeting forcibly without getting a reply. Annie was charged with obstruction, and the two refused to pay the fine. instead, being imprisoned due to the publicity it could create. Annie was imprisoned for 3 days before being released.  This was one of the first arrests for militancy under the suffrage movement. Her actions led to her being invited to travel to London with Teresa Billington and to pose her question to Sir Edward Grey again. The money for her was raised by raffling a picture of Sylvia Pankhurst and a social gathering of the Manchester Labour Party. She asked Sir Edward Grey again, and when he didn’t reply she interrupted his speech, leading to her being evicted from Albert Hall. Annie helped set up the first WSPU meeting in London, approaching Keir Hardie, W.T. Stead and Isabella Ford to rent out Caxton Hall. Despite her working-class background, Annie was effective at winning over wealthy women to the cause, both Lady Carlisle and Clara Modran were won over by her appeal. The future treasurer Emeline Pethick-Lawrence was also won over by Kenney. On the 9th of March 1906, Annie marched, with Irene Fenwick Miller, Flora Drummond and a group of other suffragettes to 10 Downing Street. They demanded to see the Prime Minister and clung to the railings and door knocker, although the police were called, the Prime Minister didn’t press charges. Annie was arrested a second time in June 1906 after leading a deputation alongside Adelaide Knight and Minnie Baldock outside Henry Asquith’s house. She was imprisoned for 6 weeks, and upon her release, she did a lecture around Yorkshire and Lancashire. After the success of the first women’s parliament in February 1907, she went back to Lancashire with fellow suffragette Adela Pankhurst to mobilise female textile workers. Many of these women travelled to London for the second women's parliament in March, and 75 of them were arrested outside parliament. Annie was made WSPU Organiser in 1907, being paid £2 a week. On her arrival, she was helped by Bristol suffragettes Anna Maria and Mary Priestman (see map) among others. She spoke at the first WSPU meeting in Bath hosted by Mary Blathwayt, with whom she was close friends and stayed with on many occasions. Mary Blathwayt and Christabel Pankhurst were both heavily influenced by Kenney. Annie resisted the 1911 census while living in Bristol, citing her occupation as a suffragette and refusing to provide any more information. She claimed to have housed a large group of resistors, but the evidence makes this uncertain. After the window-smashing campaign in 1912 that led to Christabel fleeing to France due to warrants being out for the WSPU leaders, Kenney became the surrogate leader, regularly travelling to France each weekend. This continued until she was arrested in April 1913 for inciting a riot. She was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment but was released under the Cat and Mouse Act due to her hunger strike. This led to a recurring pattern of re-arrests, hunger strikes and releases. In August 1913, her frail state after a hunger strike was used by the WSPU as she was brought to meetings on stretchers. After this event, she evaded until she tried to seek sanctuary with the Archbishop of Canterbury, who refused. After this and until the outbreak of war, she evaded the police before leaving for America to help suffrage campaigns in Dakota, Montana and Nevada. Throughout the war, she supported multiple Pankhurst campaigns before resigning in 1918 from helping the Pankhursts after Christabel's failed election campaign. She married John Taylor in 1920, whom she met on the Isle of Arran. They had a son, Warwick Kenney Taylor, in 1921, and Annie resigned from the suffrage movement to live a quiet domestic life dedicated to caring for her son. She died in 1952, aged 73. In 2018, a statue of Kenney was erected in Oldham to honour her pivotal role in the movement. Sources: Liddington, Jill, Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the Census Manchester, 2014); Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999); News, BBC. 2018. ‘Annie Kenney: Statue to Mark “Overlooked” Suffragette’, BBC News &lt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-45918651&gt; [accessed 9 June 2025]; Coughlan, Sean. 2018. ‘Imprisoned Suffragette Letter Discovered’, BBC News &lt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-45576262&gt; [accessed 9 June 2025]. Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University. </text>
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                    <text>Agnes Beddoe. Source: ‘How the Women’s Movement Began in Bristol Fifty Years Ago, 1918 ', LSE Digital Library’</text>
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                    <text>Source: Morning Post 14 Nov 1892 </text>
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                    <text>1911 census. Source: courtesy The National Archives</text>
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                    <text>Suffrage banner featuring Agnes's name. Source: The Women's Library</text>
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              <text>The Chantry, Barton Orchard, Bradford-on-Avon BA15 1LU</text>
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              <text>Agnes was born in Scotland in 1832. She married Dr John Beddoe, a physician and anthropologist, in 1852. She signed the 1866 suffrage petition, which was presented to parliament. She was a member of the first committee of the Bristol and Clifton branch of the National Society for Women’s Suffrage, which she remained on until her death. She spoke at talks across the country during the 1880s and presided over the grand demonstration held at Calston Hall in Bristol in 1880. Agnes was involved in the campaign to promote the Married Women's Property Act and lent her drawing room out in 1881 so Frances Power Cobbe could hold a series of lectures on the ‘duties of women’ to Bristolian women. In 1889, she became a member of the executive branch of the NUWSS and was also a member of the Women's Liberal Association. In that same year, she opened ‘Mrs Beddoe’s Working Women's Dwelling’ in Portland Square, Bristol. She let it out to 16 women who paid a sixpence for rent each. She later became a poor law guardian in 1896. While for the most part her activity centred around the NUWSS, she also lent some support to the WSPU, donating a small sum in 1909 and attending a Bath WSPU meeting front row in which Annie Kenney and Mrs Pankhurst were main speakers. Her husband died in 1911, but before his death, he was a supporter of the WSPU and president of the Bristol Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage. At the time of the 1911 census, she was living in Chantry House in Bradford upon Avon. Agnes died in 1914. She is featured on a banner honouring the early suffrage campaigners, which is currently held at the LSE Women’s Library. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 (London, 1999); Reed, Hayley, 2016. ‘The Women behind the Suffrage Banner’, LSE History - Telling LSE’s Story &lt;https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2016/06/08/the-women-behind-suffrage-banner/#:~:text=Agnes%20Montgomerie%20Beddoe%20was%20member,the%20Married%20Women's%20Property%20Act&gt;. Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University. </text>
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                <text>Agnes Montgomery Beddoe</text>
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