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                    <text>Dr. Sarah Gray. Source: www.nottinghamhospitalshistory.co.uk/page83.html</text>
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                    <text>Source: 1911 census, The National Archives</text>
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              <text>Sarah was born in Tipperary and from an early age was determined on a medical career at a time when this was seen as eccentric if not improper for a woman. She studied in London but took a qualification in Scotland as London did not award degrees to women. She moved to Nottingham and became the City’s first woman GP facing bitter opposition and hostility. In 1899 she was appointed to the Women’s Hospital and became assistant surgeon in charge of outpatients. Her male colleagues viewed her with mistrust and for a year insisted that a male colleague be present whenever she administered an anaesthetic. She applied to take charge of inpatients but was refused the position being told that her qualifications, despite being the highest open to women, were not high enough. Age 40, she took her FRCSI and in 1902 was appointed surgeon to Nottingham and Notts Convalescent home, medical examiner to the Board of Education, the Education Committee, and surgeon to the Girl’s evening Homes. Sarah was involved with the NUWSS and the National Union of Women Workers. On 1st June 1910, she presided over the NUWSS AGM at the Mikardo café. Her association with the law abiding NUWSS makes it unsurprising that Sarah complied with the 1911 census and did not take part in the boycott of it by some campaigners that year. In 1921-2 Sarah was elected the first president of Nottingham Medico-Chirurgical Society. She was a pioneer among medical women, and against the prevailing times was nonetheless finally recognised for her outstanding abilities. Researched and contributed by the Nottingham Women's History group www.nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk. Sources: No Surrender! Women's Suffrage in Nottinghamshire, Rowena Edlin-White (Ed.) Nottingham Women's History Group ISBN:978-1-900074-31-5; www.nottinghamhospitalshistory.co.uk/page83.html</text>
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                    <text>The Hutchinson family are absent likely evading. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>In May 1911, Sarah and her mother gave the Nottingham WSPU a banner to be carried the following month in the Women’s Coronation Procession in London. Earlier in April, Sarah and her parents had been ‘absent’ from home when the government census survey was taken and so only their servants were recorded. Likely they were all evading as part of the wider census boycott encouraged by the WSPU. By 1913, Sarah was secretary of the Nottingham branch of the Friends’ League for Women’s Suffrage. The society aimed to secure the Parliamentary Franchise for women on the same basis as it is or may be granted to men. Source: Jill Liddington, Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the Census (Manchester, 2014); Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland: A Regional Survey (London, 2006). Contributed by Nottingham Women's History Group www.nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk.</text>
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                    <text>Sarah Merrick's 1911 census. Source: courtesy The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Sarah was born in Derby in 1869 moving to Hucknall as a young teacher at Beardall Infant School in 1887. After two years of training she became headteacher at Morton Infant school near Tibshelf. In 1894 she married Joseph Merrick and the couple lived in Walsall and Upper Broughton before moving to The Knoll on Beardall Street, Hucknall. Sarah was highly active in public life and supportive of women’s suffrage joining several demonstrations in London. In 1910, Helena Dowson held a meeting in Hucknall and by 1913 Sarah was running the Hucknall branch of NUWSS over a teashop in the High Street. In 1911, Sarah complied with the census appearing at home in Beardall Street, but does not give an occupation. Neither is the exact position of 'The Knoll' in Beardall Street clear and so its location on the map is approximate. Sarah was also secretary to the British Women’s Temperance Society and became the first woman Poor Law Guardian for Basford Board serving in the Labour Party's interests. Sarah fought strongly in this position for better conditions for the poor. She also stood as a Labour County Councillor but was not successful. It is also interesting to note that her husband was a prominent Liberal. Sarah was for many years associated with the Adult School movement being both president and secretary of the Hucknall Woman’s Branch for a time and Minutes Secretary for the County. She died aged 65 at Vernon Lodge Nursing home on Waverley Street in Nottingham, and is buried in Hucknall. Researched and contributed by Nottingham Women's History group www.nottinghamwomenshistory.org.uk. Sources: No Surrender! Women's Suffrage in Nottinghamshire, Rowena Edlin-White (Ed.) Nottingham Women's History Group ISBN:978-1-900074-31-</text>
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                    <text>Sarah 'resists' by identifying as 'Cook Suffragist' under occupation on the 1911 census. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>The Wildernesse, Pembury Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent</text>
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              <text>Sarah (b.1851) had been a cook for the Le Lacheur family for at least 10 years. No other information about her interest or involvement in the suffrage movement is known. On the 1911 census for occupation she included ‘Cook Suffragist’ making her belief in the movement known though she complied in all other respects. For more information see, Jennifer Godfrey, Suffragettes of Kent, (Pen &amp; Sword Ltd, 2019). Researched &amp; contributed by Jennifer Godfrey.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The Midland Daily Telegraph, 10 February 1939, p. 7.</text>
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              <text>Sarah lived with her husband - a store keeper - her daughter, and a boarder in a small 5 roomed house in Coventry in 1911. She remained there for the rest of her life until her death in 1944. As a dress maker, Sarah's wages would have been meagre so extra income from a lodger must have been welcome especially in 1911 when her husband injured himself and was unable to work. In fact, 1911 was something of an annus horribilis for Sarah. In April 1911, she was fined 2s 6d in court for non payment of a dog license which she made clear was solely due to a fall in trade which meant she was unable to afford one. The fine must have compounded the family's poverty. Earlier, in January 1911, she had appeared in court to support a summons she submitted against her husband for assault.  She described how her husband kicked her in the side, picked up a chair and 'threatened to bash her head in with it'.  He counter claimed that the argument started because she was trying to put him in the Workhouse due to his injury and inability to work, and now she was trying to put him in prison. Ultimately,  he was bound over for 6 months and was ordered to pay all costs. The stress of poverty on their marriage and family is evident in these two court appearances. There are few contemporary accounts of Sarah's votes for women activity. However, she is described in a 1930's newspaper report as having been a 'suffragette' but was in fact a 'suffragist' belonging to the Coventry branch of the law abiding  NUWSS - the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society. In the newspaper interview, Sarah eschews suffragette militancy saying - 'People get resentful of a movement that only causes trouble. Nothing ever came of violence'. Nevertheless, she recalls that one of her most exciting moments as a suffrage campaigner came at a mass meeting in nearby Warwick, where she arrived late and was mistaken for the WSPU suffragette leader, Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst! Sarah claimed to have been greeted with both enthusiastic cheering and jeering from the crowd in equal measure. Sarah and her husband did not see eye to eye over the suffrage campaign either. She recalled that her husband was opposed to 'Votes for Women' but she was resolute, stating: 'it made no difference to me. It is only right that women should have the vote'. Asked if she would do it all again, Sarah replied with an emphatic - 'I would'. Cromwell Street where Sarah lived has been partially demolished, redeveloped and renumbered so identifying whether Sarah's house still survives is problematic. Contributor/Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.&#13;
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              <text>Selina Cooper (1864-1946) at the age of 11 became a half-timer in a Lancashire cotton mill, working full-time from her thirteenth birthday. In 1896 she married Robert Cooper, a cotton weaver. Their son, John Ruskin, died as a baby; their daughter Mary was born in 1900; and the family moved into 59 St Mary’s Street, Nelson ~ where all three lived for the rest of their lives.&#13;
&#13;
Nelson was a hotbed of socialism, and the Coopers were drawn into the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Selina gained public speaking experience through the Women’s Cooperative Guild, and soon was collecting women cotton workers’ signatures on a suffrage petition ~ and in 1901 she accompanied the 29,359-signature petition down to Westminster. Selina was elected a Poor Law Guardian; in 1903 helped launch the Lancashire Women Textile Workers’ Representation Committee; and in 1906 organized the Nelson Suffrage Society which met in the Coopers’ small front room.&#13;
&#13;
By 1911, Selina Cooper had been employed as a NUWSS organizer for five years; an excellent public speaker, she travelled round the country, supporting pro-suffrage candidates ~ like young Bertrand Russell. In June 1911, she organized the local suffragist group, now called the Clitheroe Women’s Suffrage Society, on a special train down to London for the Coronation Procession (see image, taken on Nelson Station). Then, given the betrayal by Asquith’s Liberal Government, the NUWSS made an election alliance with the Labour Party; and from 1912, Selina Cooper was heavily in demand as a speaker, travelling the country to support Labour candidates at by-elections.&#13;
&#13;
From 1914, Selina Cooper, like others in the ILP, opposed the war and supported conscientious objectors. In 1924 she was appointed a JP; and in 1934 she joined a small deputation to Nazi Germany to visit four women prisoners. Selina Cooper died aged 81, and many years later, her house at 59 St Mary’s Street was commemorated with a blue plaque.&#13;
&#13;
For more see, Liddington &amp; Norris, One Hand Tied Behind Us, 1978 &amp; 2000. Liddington, The Life &amp; Times of a Respectable Rebel, 1984. The Selina Cooper papers are deposited with the Lancashire Record Office, Preston.&#13;
&#13;
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              <text>Selina Bright was a pioneer of the women's suffrage movement. Born in London in 1833, Selina spent most of her life in Rochdale, Lancashire, where she married her husband Samuel Bright. Samuel was the business partner and brother of John Bright (industrial cotton manufacturer as well as a Manchester and later Birmingham MP) and of Jacob Bright, a radical Liberal M.P. who helped formulate the first organised women's suffrage petition handed to parliament in 1866 by John Stuart Mill, M.P. The couple had three children all of whom sadly died in infancy. Marrying into the Bright family put Selina at the heart of social and political reform politics of the day. In 1878, she attended a meeting of the Central Committee for the National Society for Women's Suffrage and was likey a member of this early suffrage society. Others in attendance included Millicent Fawcett future leader of the large and law abiding National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) which had yet to form in 1897. The Bright's had ties to Coventry and likely settled in the city in the 1860s where Selina stayed after her husband's untimely death in 1873 although she travelled frequently. Selina became vice-president of the Coventry and District Women's Liberal Association and later president of the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) which officially formed in 1910 as the local branch of the NUWSS. In 1911, we find her living in Warwick Row with two servants. As a law abiding suffragist, she did not take part in the suffragette boycott of the 1911 government census but instead complied. Selina worked tirelessley for the CWSS until ill health began to effect her role as president forcing her to miss numerous meetings. She subsequently died at her Coventry home in October 1917 aged 86, a year before the Representation of the People Act was passed which gave some qualified women over 30 the vote. Annette Iliffe (see) took over her role as President of the CWSS. Selina was known for her good works in Coventry and in her will left funds to many local charities including the Coventry Warwickshire Hospital Convalescent Fund, Coventry and District Nursing Institution and St Faith's Friendless Girls Institution. Selina is buried with her husband Samuel in Lancashire Cemetery alongside their three children. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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              <text>Sophia Duleep Singh, daughter of Maharajah Duleep Singh, was a god-daughter to Queen Victoria; her mother was German. Sophia was born a princess, but her father’s abandonment of his family meant that she was no stranger to suffering as a child. Her father left his family destitute and Sophia’s mother died soon after from alcoholism and depression. Sophia was a committed member of the WSPU, taking part in one of the deputations to Parliament on ‘Black Friday’ (18 November 1910) that resulted in violent scenes in Parliament Square. At another time, she threw herself onto the Prime Minister’s car pressing a ‘Votes for Women’ pamphlet against the windshield. She was arrested during the suffrage campaign, but was never sent to prison perhaps because of her high social status. She was a regular speaker at meetings of the Richmond branch of the WSPU and, as a member of the Women’s Tax Resistance League too, on several occasions had goods seized after she had refused to pay taxes (see images). In 1911, Sophia took part in the suffragette boycott of the government census survey writing 'No Vote No Census' across her census return. She also took to selling the Suffragette newspaper outside Hampton Court Palace where she lived, standing next to an advertising board (see image). This prompted calls for her removal from her ‘grace and favour’ home at the palace to try and stop such antics (see images, letter to Lord Crewe attached). For more information see, Elizabeth Crawford: The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A reference guide, 1866-1928 (London: Routledge, 2001) and Anita Anand, Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary.&#13;
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              <text>Sophia was present with her husband the Rev. Gray Granville at a number of local CUWFA meetings. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together.</text>
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                    <text>Dr Stanton Coit. Source: courtesy of  © Humanists UK 2025&#13;
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                    <text>Source: Isle of Wight Observer, 21 Sept 1912</text>
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              <text>Stanton George Coit was born in 1857 in Columbus, Ohio. He was educated at Amherst College, Columbia College and received his doctorate from Berlin University.  His mother was friends with US women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony. He became a minister of the ethical church before moving to London in 1888 and eventually becoming a naturalised citizen. Stanton assisted in founding 40 ethical societies in Britain and became the leader of the ethical movement in England. He became a member of the Women's Franchise League in 1890. In 1903, he was an executive member of the Central Society for Women's Suffrage. He was a delegate of the 1904 conference in Berlin, which, with his wife Adela, formed the International Women's Suffrage Alliance. Dr Stanton Coit helped prepare an edition of J.S. Mill's Subjection of Women, which was published in 1906. He used notes lent by Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy, which detailed changes since 1869 when single women become eligible to vote in local town elections. She was acknowledged in his work. However, she wrote in a 1904 letter that "he will undoubtedly make a real hash of the whole matter, and him, like others of his "calibre", stop progress from happening in the movement. He became treasurer of the MLWS when it was formed in 1907 but had no official position in the movement by 1913. He complied with the 1911 census, living at 30 Hyde Park Gate with his wife Adela, 5 of their children and 8 servants. In 1912, he subscribed to the NUWSS fighting fund. During September 1912, he spoke at a meeting in Ryde on the Isle of Wight organised by his wife Adela. He called the women's exclusion from the suffrage a 'most ancient prejudice'. The meeting held at the now demolished St Clare Castle was instrumental in forming the Ryde Branch of the NUWSS on the Island. He retired from the ethical movement in 1935, and he died on the 15th of February 1944. Sources: Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 18661928 (London, 1999). Contributed by Becca Aspden, URSS student researcher, History Dept., Warwick University.</text>
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