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              <text>Miss Phyllis Whitworth's exact address is not given on the census form. However, it falls between a run of census forms collected for Broomfield House and Mountford Farm Lapworth, so she likely lived somewhere between these two locations. She attended various local suffrage meetings in 1911 though very little else is known about her. The NUWSS to which she belonged, was the largest women's suffrage society in the country and believed in attaining the vote for women by peaceable and constitutional methods. In 1911 we find Phyllis living with her parents and two servants. Contributor/researcher: Tara Morton.</text>
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                    <text>Ray in 1911 - the year she married and became Strachey. Source: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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                    <text>Ray (then Costelloe)  in 1908. Source: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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                    <text>Ray Strachey circa 1913. Source: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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                    <text>Courtesy and copyright: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Ray with children in 1922. Photograph Elliot &amp; Fry. Source: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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                    <text>Ray busy at work in 1928. Source: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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                    <text>One the covers for Ray's book, The Cause: A Short History of the Women's Suffrage Movement (1928).</text>
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                    <text>Ray in 1938. Source: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</text>
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              <text>Rachel Costelloe was the daughter of a barrister, Frank Costelloe, and his American wife, Mary Pearsall Smith. Always known as Ray, she was brought up largely by her grandmother, after her mother left for Italy, and her father died when she was 12 years old. Ray’s education was disrupted by frequent school moves, and her own lack of application, but she nonetheless studied Mathematics at Newnham College, Cambridge, gaining an Honours Pass. At school and university, Ray was close friends with Ellie Rendel, one of the granddaughters of Lady Jane Strachey, a leading suffragist. Suffrage became the cause that Ray was looking for in her life and she and Ellie devoted much of their time at Newnham to meetings and campaigns. Both marched on the NUWSS ‘Mud March’ in February 1907 and gained speaking and organizing practice holding small meetings during their summer holidays. In July 1908, the two women organized a Newnham Caravan under the aegis of the NUWSS, taking the suffrage message to rural areas in the North. When Ray’s mother took her on a ‘finishing’ trip to the US, she was disconcerted to find that Ellie Rendel joined them, and that Ray and Ellie were soon travelling around the Northern States with Anna Shaw, the President of the North American Women’s Suffrage Society. Ray took much of 1909 “off” to concentrate on her writing, but she was back in the thick of the suffrage campaign during the 1910 election, promoting suffrage petitions and supporting suffragist candidates in the East End of London. She travelled to the US in the spring of 1910, combining research with campaigning, before returning to study electrical engineering at Oxford. Through Easter 1911 and for a time, she lived with her aunt, Alys Russell (married to Bertrand Russell), at Vann Bridge Cottage (now Vann Bridge Close) in Fernhurst, and it is there that Ray appears in the 1911 census – listed as an engineering student. Alys was a suffragist herself and one hopes she took great satisfaction in the singularity of Ray’s occupation! Later in 1911, Ray married Oliver Strachey, with whom she had two children, as well as a step- daughter. Despite her domestic burdens – which included managing much of Oliver’s life and their precarious joint finances - Ray carried out a huge amount of campaigning work for women’s rights – from suffrage, to employment opportunities, to equal pay. She wrote, spoke, and broadcast prodigiously; worked for Nancy Astor MP, and headed up the Women’s Employment Federation from 1933 through to her early death in 1940. Ray Strachey is best known for her history of the women’s movement (‘The Cause’, 1928), but her ‘immense activity’ (according to Virginia Woolf) ranged much more broadly than that, encompassing three Parliamentary campaigns and the physical construction of two small ‘rammed earth’ cottages in the hills around Fernhurst, where she found peace from the incessant demands of children and committee work. Her contribution to the Women’s movement fully justifies Jennifer Holmes comment that “women of today owe her a great debt” - if only for Ray’s insistence that women could find ‘a source of happiness of great value’ in their work outside the home. Sources: Jennifer Holmes, A Working Woman: the remarkable life of Ray Strachey (2019); Brian Harrison, Prudent Revolutionaries: Portraits of British Feminists between the Wars (1987). Contributed by Evelyn Cook (Independent researcher).</text>
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                    <text>The Homestall, Barley, postcard Robert H Clark, c. 1906. Credit: Haaretz newspaper</text>
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                    <text>Courtesy: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Nina Salaman Portrait by Solomon J. Solomon, 1918. Source: Jewish Women’s Archive  (public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Salaman).</text>
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                    <text>Jewish League for Women's Suffrage badge. Source: Courtesy The Women's Library (LSE).</text>
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                    <text>Dr R N Salaman, Officers of the 39th Royal Fusiliers, Cairo, 1918. Dr Salaman is fourth from left, 3rd Row. Source: unknown, 1920 (The British Jewry Book of Honour, 1922 see https://www.jewsfww.uk/roll-of-honour.php).</text>
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              <text>Redcliffe Nathan Salaman (1874-1955) was a medical doctor who gave up his role when he contracted tuberculosis.  Redirecting his energies elsewhere, he became a well-known plant scientist who bred disease-resistant potatoes. Redcliffe and his wife ‘Nina’ (née Pauline Ruth Davis, 1877-1925) were advocates of women’s rights.  In 1909, the NUWSS newspaper Common Cause reported that Redcliffe spoke in favour of women’s suffrage alongside Mrs E O Fordham at a meeting in Hertfordshire.  The following year, Redcliffe and his wife hosted an event for Liberal Party supporters at their home in Barley, Hertfordshire.  As the couple lived in a large country house, the grounds provided a perfect location for the event which was attended by more than 450 people.  Redcliffe was among the speakers along with the Hon. Mrs Fordham who touched on the case for women’s suffrage. The Salamans were close friends of the suffrage sympathisers, Israel and Edith Zangwill, who campaigned with the MLWS and WSPU.  While the Zangwills appear to have evaded the 1911 census, the Salamans complied with it.  Redcliffe was described on the census as a retired doctor engaging in scientific research, while Nina, who was a poet and respected Hebrew scholar, was listed as an authoress.  Five of their six children were also named along with several servants. In 1912, Redcliffe and Nina were among the founding vice-presidents of a new organisation, the Jewish League for Woman Suffrage (JLWS), which the Zangwills also supported.  Welcoming the arrival of the JLWS, the WSPU paper The Suffragette, noted that the JLWS would work along similar lines to church suffrage leagues by emphasising the need for women’s emancipation to improve women’s status and to combat social evils.  The JLWS also aimed to “encourage the participation of the Synagogue in social movements of the day.”  Although Nina was active in the JLWS along with her sisters-in-law, she is said to have been less politically engaged than her husband and to have opposed the militant tactics of the suffragettes.  Nevertheless, she was ground-breaking in her own way.  As well as publishing her religious writing and being dedicated to improving girls’ education, she became the first woman to preach in an Orthodox synagogue in Britain in 1919. With the arrival of the First World War, Redcliffe joined the Royal Army Medical Core and served in the Middle East while Nina encouraged people to donate comforts to Jewish soldiers.  Redcliffe and Nina became increasingly involved in Zionism, a cause which Redcliffe continued to support after Nina’s untimely death in 1925.  The following year, Redcliffe married Gertrude Lowy (1887-1982) who had been a militant suffrage campaigner in her twenties.  During the Second World War, Redcliffe acted as Chairman of the Jewish Committee for Relief Abroad which assisted Jewish people who had been imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. Sources: Common Cause; Suffragette; Herts &amp; Cambs Reporter; The Times; Todd Edelmen, ‘Surreptitious Rebel – Nina Davis Salaman’, Report of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew &amp; Jewish History (Oxford: OCHJC, 2013-14); The Jewish Museum www.jewishmuseum.org.uk. Contributed by art historian Diana Wilkins with additional information from Tara Morton.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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              <text>Robert  was present at several CUWFA meetings in 1911 with his wife Elizabeth. An engineer and Major on the staff of the Warwickshire Yeomanry, he is pictured below with fellow women's suffrage supporter and Warwickshire Yeomanry staff, The Rev, Leonard Goodenough. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. As a number of 'Miss Airth Richardson's' are also present at some local CUWFA meetings, it is likely that one or more of Robert's four daughters were also active for the campaign.</text>
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                    <text>Lord Robert Cecil, 1919. Source: ©Lafayette/Victoria and Albert Museum, London.</text>
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              <text>Before entering Parliament in 1906 as MP for East Marylebone, Lord Robert Cecil practised as a lawyer, and in 1909, as a member of the Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage (MLWS) unsuccessfully defended Evelina Haverfield when she was arrested with Emmeline Pankhurst and other WSPU members for trying to enter the House of Commons to petition Prime Minister Herbert Asquith. Lord Robert Cecil took part in CWFA meetings in London and the Home Counties, and in 1911 and early 1912 spoke across Sussex - at Horsted Keynes, at the Horsham Suffrage Society’s first AGM, at a Central Sussex Women’s Suffrage Society public meeting in Burgess Hill, and at Forest Row - to promote the Conciliation Bill. This would only give the vote to single women householders, who had been able to vote in local elections since1869, but Lord Robert Cecil argued that the principle of votes for women could later be extended. He was against women MPS: they would be physically unable to endure the ‘exhausting exertions’ in the House of Commons! When the Conciliation Bill was rejected by the House of Commons in March 1912, Lord Robert Cecil sympathised with women’s anger, and expressed vehement objections to harsh prison sentences and forced feeding. He continued, however, to advise the avoidance of militancy and to advocate a ‘moderate and conservative admission of women to the franchise’. In March 1913, the East Grinstead branch of the MLWS was founded, with Lord Robert Cecil and Charles Corbett among its members. In 1916 and 1917, in answer to deputations asking about provision for women’s suffrage in proposed electoral reform legislation, Lord Robert Cecil insisted that he would not assent to any substantial increase in the number of men voters unless this Bill included some measure of enfranchisement for women. Following the enfranchisement in February 1918 of women over 30 who were already local electors or the wives of local electors, Lord Robert Cecil introduced a Bill to make women eligible to stand for Parliament. Passed in November 1918, in time for the General Election the following month, this created the anomaly that women Parliamentary candidates need only be 21. When the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Bill, to enable women to enter such professions as the law, was debated in the House of Commons in 1919, Lord Robert Cecil argued that it should include equal voting rights with men, enfranchising all women over 21, but the Government refused to grant this. In 1922, therefore, Lord Robert Cecil introduced a Bill to extend the franchise to women on the same terms as men, but it would take until 1928 for this to be achieved. Meanwhile, in 1925, as the newly installed Rector of Aberdeen University, Lord Robert Cecil’s first official duty was, appropriately, to open the hall of the new University Women’s Union. He told his cheering audience that he had always been in favour of the enfranchisement of women: women should take their full share of citizenship, as electors for Parliament and as members of the House of Commons. Sources: Hansard; Marylebone Mercury; Westminster Gazette; Mid Sussex Times; Kent and Sussex Courier; Sussex Express; West Sussex County Times; Scotsman. Researched &amp; contributed by independent writer and researcher Frances Stenlake.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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              <text>Robert attended regular Warwickshire CUWFA meetings with his wife Mary in 1911. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Cheltenham Chronicle and Gloucestershire Graphic, 29 April 1911.</text>
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              <text>Mrs Swiney was the mainstay of Cheltenham's NUWSS being President from its re-founding in 1896 throughout its existence. She appeared on the platforms of the local WSPU, to which she contributed money in its early years, and the WFL and was not opposed to law-breaking. This is evidenced by her census evasion in 1911 in protest at women not having the parliamentary vote. She was a respected speaker and campaigner, prepared to speak in outdoor venues and outlying villages as well as in the Town Hall for example. In 1913, she was assaulted while speaking to a crowd gathered for the arrival of the Pilgrimage in Cheltenham but, undeterred, she continued the next day to Cirencester where there was a similar attack and she had to take refuge in a nearby village. Before her marriage to Major General John Swiney, she was an aspiring painter. Four of her six children were born in India where she had also been born but the family settled in Cheltenham in the late 1870s. She was a supporter of the Eugenics Society, the Ethical movement and the Theosophical Society and was Vice-Chairman of the local Food and Health Reform Society. Researcher/writer Sue Jones author of 'Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds' (The History Press, 2018).</text>
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              <text>Rose (1875 - 1954), who was born in France and raised in Clapham, was educated at the Sorbonne and Royal Holloway. She later studied law to help her husband Tom who was a solicitor. In 1907, Rose became the first woman elected to the Cyclists’ Touring Club (CTC) which had 40,000 members. She also served as the only woman on the Roads Improvement Council.  In 1909, Rose joined the Wimbledon branch of the WSPU becoming its militant leader and was jailed for the first time that year, charged with obstruction for protesting outside the House of Commons. Her son, Paul, was 8 months old at the time and she referred to him during her trial. She said that if Paul ever asked her what she had done during the women’s suffrage campaign, she would be embarrassed if she had to reply that she had not attempted to take the matter to the Prime Minister. Despite her husband, Tom, representing her in the trial, Rose was sentenced and served one month’s imprisonment in Holloway. Tom was a member of the Men’s Political Union a wing of the WSPU. Rose’s home, Dorset Hall, became a hub for the Votes for Women movement. She was a great and influential speaker hosting meetings of 20,000 on the local Wimbledon Common. Rose also undertook suffrage work in Kent where she and Tom had a holiday cottage in Whitstable-cum-Seasalter. In 1911, when the government census was taken, Rose and Tom were at their Kent cottage where Rose resisted the census, refusing to give information (see image) but giving a full account of her reasons for protesting the census. In 1912, at her home Dorset Hall, Rose was suspected of hiding Christabel Pankhurst when she was on her way to Paris having fled the Police. Rose refused to allow them to search her house. Emily Wilding Davison (see entry) was a friend and frequently stayed at Rose’s home, including the day before her fatal accident at Epsom Derby in 1913. Rose’s husband Tom represented the Davison family at the inquest, but it was Rose who organised her funeral procession of 100,000 strong. After Emily's death, Rose became ill and took some time to recover, though she remained active with the WSPU until 1915 when the leadership abandoned the suffrage cause to support the War. Rose returned to politics full-time in 1918, when she became a member of the LCC (London County Council) and was instrumental in setting up the Suffragette Fellowship. She never tired of fighting for the poor and under-privileged, leaving her garden at Dorset Hall to be used in perpetuity by the people of Merton. Rose’s home ‘Dorset Hall’ still survives but is under threat. To read more please see our News and Blogs page story ‘Defend Dorset Hall’ by campaigner Barbara Gorna. Sources: Dorset Hall - The John Innes Society Documents held by The Women's Library Newspaper Reports; Jennifer Godfrey Suffragettes of Kent (Pen &amp; Sword); Elizabeth Crawford, The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide (London, 1999). Information contributed by Barbara Gorna (London) &amp; Jennifer Godfrey (Kent).</text>
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              <text>Mother and daughter, Ruth and Theodora Mills, claimed to have been interested in the cause long before Theodora became Honorary Secretary of the Cheltenham branch of the law abiding NUWSS in 1902 - a post she retained for the remainder of the society's life time. Ruth and Theodora campaigned in the villages outlying their home in Cheltenham and experienced some rough treatment in so doing. Ruth, a frail woman, had to be rescued by a policeman when the 1913 NUWSS Pilgrimage met a stormy reception. Theodora was involved in deputations, letter-writing and dramatic and musical roles for suffrage social gatherings. She wrote the words to five songs which were included in the WSPU's 1907 Song Sheet and her words set to the tune of 'Onward Christian Soldiers' won an international competition. She took pride in the society's banners and presented one which she used in the June 1908 London demonstration, to what is now the Wilson Museum in the town. In a local test case of 1909, Ruth and Theodora with six others, claimed a parliamentary vote: this was largely a WFL initiative and, somewhat unusually in a time of greater differentiation between suffragists and suffragettes, both Mills ladies were still on the WFL committee before its local leader, Florence Earengey, decided to break ties with other societies. Their census resistance in 1911 was also unusual among local NUWSS members. Generally, NUWSS members as law abiding suffragists, complied with the census. Ruth Mills wrote across the form 'I did not pass the night of April 2nd, 1911 in this dwelling nor arrived during Monday morning. House being locked and left empty. and do not know how many if any persons did so.' Mother and daughter continued to live in the family house with Theodora often writing letters to the local press, either about the history of women's suffrage or about her vegetarian beliefs. Ruth Mills died in 1922 and Theodora in 1958. Researched and contributed by Sue Jones author of 'Votes for Women: Cheltenham and the Cotswolds' (The History Press, 2018).</text>
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