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              <text>Gladys Macan was present at several CUWFA meetings throughout 1911, mostly attending with her husband retired Colonel Thomas Macan. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together. It is not possible from the census to pinpoint exactly which residence in Walton Wood the Macan's occupied.</text>
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              <text>Grace belonged to the Leamington branch of the law-abiding Conservative and Unionist Women’s Franchise Association (CUWFA) in 1911. A hospital nurse she boarded with a family and two other women at Portland Place including a local suffragette, Elizabeth Walsh.  Researcher: Tara Morton. Research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Arrest of Grace Roe featured in the Daily Mirror, 1914. Source: Museum of London collections.</text>
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                    <text>Grace Roe's hunger strike medal awarded by the WSPU. Source: Image taken by Hilary McCollum with permission from the Women's Library (LSE).</text>
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                    <text>Grace Roe was not present at her lodgings in Ipswich when the census was taken and so was probably evading as part of the suffragette boycott. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>19/21 Silent Street, Ipswich.</text>
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              <text>Grace Roe was born into a prosperous Anglo-Irish family in London in 1885. Her mother died when she was twelve and she was sent to Beadles boarding school. She became a vegetarian in her teens and remained one throughout her life. Grace was captivated by WSPU leader Emmeline Pankhurst’s daughter, Christabel Pankhurst, when she heard her speak in Hyde Park on 21 June 1908. She remembered thinking, “That’s the woman I’m going to follow.” She joined the movement a few months later and became one of Christabel’s most trusted confidants. Her first arrest came during the Great Deputation to the House of Commons on 29 June 1909, but she wasn't prosecuted. In 1910, she became the WSPU’s first organiser in East Anglia based in Ipswich and built up the membership with a series of headline speakers, including Christabel Pankhurst, Emmeline Pankhurst and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence. Grace likely took part in the suffragette boycott of the government’s 1911 census survey as she is not recorded at the address in Ipswich where she was boarding with a family of printers (see census image) and is not recorded anywhere else. In September 1912, Christabel Pankhurst sent Grace to Dublin to secure the release of suffragettes Mary Leigh and Gladys Evans, who were on hunger strike after being imprisoned for attempting to set fire to a Dublin theatre. Following her success in Dublin, she took charge of the WSPU campaign during the Bromley and Bow by-election when George Lansbury stood unsuccessfully as a woman's suffrage candidate. Sylvia Pankhurst criticised Grace’s approach to the by-election, especially her decision not to give over control of WSPU resources to the Labour Party. In January 1913, Grace Roe became deputy to Annie Kenney, who had been appointed the WSPU’s Chief Organiser after Christabel Pankhurst went into exile in France in March 1912. When Annie Kenney was arrested on 8 April 1913 on charges of conspiracy to commit arson, Grace took over as Chief Organiser. She was wanted by the police but managed to evade arrest during the police raid on WSPU headquarters on 30 April 1913. She made sure the WSPU weekly paper, by then named The Suffragette, still appeared that week with the front cover announcing, “Raided”. She lived in hiding for the next year, often dressing as a chorus girl to avoid capture, during which time she oversaw the conduct of the arson campaign and protests against the Cat &amp; Mouse Act (see our Suffrage Glossary). She helped organise Emily Wilding Davison’s funeral in June 1913, which was regarded as a propaganda triumph and established The Bodyguard to provide security at rallies, protect the leadership from arrest and help suffragettes to escape. On 23 May 1914, Grace Roe was arrested. She went on hunger strike and was forcibly fed. Grace was still in prison when Britain declared war on Germany that year. She was released under a government amnesty for suffragettes and played an active part in promoting women’s employment in industry as part of the war effort, also criticising labour unrest. After the war, she lived for a time with Annie Kenney before settling in America with Christabel Pankhurst. They went their separate ways in 1925 but remained close. Grace was Christabel Pankhurst’s executor and arranged for her memoir to be published after Christabel died. In an interview in 1974, she said that “Christabel was the apple of my eye.” Key sources: Interview with Antonia Raeburn for the BBC, see: https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/womans-hour-grace-roe/z7vcnrd; Interview with Brian Harrison, held by the Women's Library at LSE; Antonia Raeburn, 'Militant Suffragettes'; Elizabeth Crawford, 'The Women's Suffragette Movement'; Annie Kenney, 'Memories of a Militant'; Andrew Rosen, 'Rise Up Women!'; Christabel Pankhurst, 'Unshackled: the Story of how we Won the Vote'; Sylvia Pankhurst, 'The Suffragette Movement' Votes for Women, 20 September 1912 (re Dublin). Contributed by: Writer, Hilary McCollum.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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              <text>Rev. Gray Granville of St John the Baptist, Wasperton, attended a number of Warwickshire CUWFA meetings in 1911 with his wife Sophia. The CUWFA formed in 1908 to work peacefully and constitutionally for ‘the removal of the sex disqualification from the franchise’ by bringing Conservative and Unionist’s together</text>
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                    <text>Greta takes to task false allegations diminishing suffrage activity in Lewes. Source: Sussex Agricultural Express, 29 March, 1912, p. 2.</text>
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              <text>Born in 1869 in India of Irish parents, Greta Allen, a member of the Irish Women’s Franchise League, lived at 15 Southover High Street, Lewes and became a paid organiser of the WSPU in Brighton. As an authority on public health, she had been lecturing in Ireland and in England since the early 1890s, and was in the Lewes area by 1908. By 1910, Greta was speaking at Brighton and Hove WSPU meetings and was arrested with WSPU treasurer Beatrice Sanders outside Nos.10 and 11 Downing Street in November that year. Greta’s one-month prison sentence for willful damage qualified her in January 1912, to wear prison uniform to the annual Fancy Dress Ball held by the Mayor of Lewes, and, at the British Medical Association Conference on crime and punishment in Brighton in July 1913, to describe the prison conditions endured by suffragettes. &#13;
&#13;
Greta took over as WSPU organiser in Brighton after the death of Mary Clarke on Christmas Day 1910, and at a meeting at the YMCA hall on the Steine in April 1911, she advocated the WSPU policy of evading the Government’s 1911 Census as the only dignified attitude for women who, without the vote, were classed with lunatics and imbeciles. Beyond Brighton, she addressed meetings across the south from Plymouth to Hastings, and in September 1912 spoke at Phoenix Park, Dublin with the WSPU’s ‘General’ Flora Drummond. &#13;
In June 1913, Greta required police rescue when her attempt to rally local support for Beatrice Sanders, then briefly imprisoned in Lewes, met with dangerously aggressive opposition. Later that summer, she was the WSPU ‘English Riviera organiser’, sending her reports to the WSPU newspaper Suffragette from Torquay. When she resigned as WSPU organiser in Brighton at the end of 1913, it was to resume work as a health lecturer in Sussex until at least 1916. Contributed by Dr. Diana Wilkins, freelance art historian and curator. For more see Frances Stenlake ' The Lady Fired Splendidly: Lewes and the Women's Suffrage Campaign' Sussex Archaeological Collections 152 (2014) 139-152.  Available for free via https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                    <text>Source: Windows on Warwickshire, Heritage and Culture, WCC.</text>
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              <text>Schoolmaster Mr Guernsey Webb was present at a number of CUWFA meetings in 1911.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The National Archives</text>
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                    <text>Source: The Courier, 22 Nov, 1911.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The Midland Daily Telegraph, Dec, 1911.</text>
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                    <text>Source: Hannah's entry in the Suffragettes Arrested Index 1906-1914, HO, The National Archives.</text>
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              <text>Mrs Hannah Hayward became something of a local celebrity when she was arrested in London in 1911 as part of a planned WSPU rush on the House of Commons. The WSPU organised the demonstration in reaction to the government's pronounced intention to give more votes to men while refusing to include votes for women on any terms. This was contrary to a number of prior promises the government had made. The attempts by suffragettes to rush the House was described as a 'battle' during which 223 women from across the country, including Hannah, were arrested by police. She was taken to London's Bow Street station where she was charged and fined 5s. which she refused to pay. Consequently, Hannah was sentenced to 5 days in Holloway prison for her part in the event. Hannah was a working class woman, married with two children. Her husband was a driller for a motor company and the family lived in a traditional 'two up, two down' terraced house. Therefore, taking part in militant activities for the WSPU and incurring fines and/or imprisonment was a huge risk for Hannah and her family. When she returned home to Coventry, a reception was held in her honour by (see) Percy Widdrington at St Peter's vicarage at which she was lauded for her bravery and where she described her actions and aims in taking part in the rush. She described how at first 'she was alone outside the crowd...but something told her not to play the coward and so she made her way into the middle'. At some point in the melee, she clung onto a policeman's belt saying 'I am not going to be pushed into the crowd. If I go, you go with me'. The police officer arrested her and took her to the station. She claimed he treated her quite well - after she fed him some chocolate! Hannah was grateful to suffragette prisoners who had gone before her (which included fellow Coventry campaigner (see) Alice Lea) for the basic prison rights they had won for women. This she said, made her time there easier and declared that 'women intended to cry day and night unto God until some of the evils were removed' to which winning the vote itself was integral. There is no evidence so far, to suggest that Hannah took part in further suffragette activities. Perhaps her prison experience or the worry it caused her family deterred her from such action again. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Harriet Collington in later life. Source: The Midland Daily Telegraph, 11 March, 1937.</text>
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                    <text>Source: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Harriet shares her opinion on the effect of actions by the 'militant' suffragettes whom her sister Dr. Catherine Arnott supported. Source: The Coventry Herald, July 1913.</text>
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              <text>Harriet was born in 1860 in India to British parents. Her father Sir Frances Arnott, was surgeon-general and honorary surgeon to Queen Victoria. By 1911, she had been married to her husband, a medical practioner, for 17 years. The couple had four children and had settled in Coventry at the turn of the twentieth century. Harriet was active in the Coventry Women's Suffrage Society (CWSS) - a local branch of the large and law abiding National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) - from its earliest days and performed a variety of roles including as speaker and as chairman of its committee. Harriet's husband was fully supportive of her campaigning for female suffrage, a passion she also shared with her elder sister (see) Dr. Catherine Arnott. However, the two sisters disagreed over suffrage tactics. Harriet was a suffragist committed to law abiding methods of campaigning whereas her sister Catherine was a sufffragette joining the WSPU. Harriet was publicy critical of the suffragette tactics her sister supported stating that 'militants were doing a certain amount to turn people away' from the votes for women cause by 'annoying' them. Harriet argued it was imperative that the peaceful work of 'quiet women' should continue. However, the two sisters remained on good terms and hosted some suffrage 'at home' gatherings together. Harriet also took part in several mass meetings and rallies held in London and was often seen in Coventry selling suffrage literature in the Broadgate area of the city. In 1914, she joined a joint deputation made up of the CWSS and the Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association (CUWFA) of which she may also have been a member. The aim of the deputation was to go and see the prospective Conservative and Unionist Party candidate for Coventry, Edward Manville, to press him to support the votes for women cause. In later years, Harriet was one of the founders of the Coventry Women's Club and - as a staunch Conservative - of the Coventry Conservative Children's League which was later appropriated by Conservative Central Office becoming the 'Young Britons'. Harriet also served as a Justice of the Peace in Coventry for several years. In 1930, she and her husband (who was a member of Coventry City Council) retired and moved to Scotland where Harriet died aged 77 in 1937. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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                    <text>Helen Archdale, 1928. Source: The National Portrait Gallery.</text>
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                    <text>The mass evasion at Helen's family home on census night in 1911.  The census official appears to have recorded his own contact details under name and address, most likely concerned about the illegalities of the protest and whether further questions would arise. Source: The National Archives.</text>
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                    <text>Helen's home at 45 Marlborough Road, Sheffield. Source: Google Maps 2019.</text>
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                    <text>Police surveillance footage of Helen, circa 1913. Source: The Museum of London.</text>
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              <text>Helen (1876-1950) was educated at St Andrews University in Scotland, and in 1901, married Lt Colonel Archdale who was stationed in India. Together they had two sons and a daughter. Helen returned from India in 1908 and almost immediately joined the WSPU. In October 1909, she was arrested and convicted - with Emmeline Pankhurst's youngest daughter Adela and three others - for breach of the peace, disturbing a meeting attended by Winston Churchill in Dundee. The women including Helen, were imprisoned and went on hunger strike. For reasons that are not entirely clear - perhaps because of family and political connections - none of the women were forcibly fed despite other suffragettes being so treated at that time across the country. They were released after four days. By March of 1910, Helen had become an organizer in Sheffield, but due to ill health, her position was taken over by Adela who moved into Helen's family home in Sheffield. There the two - as suffragettes - took part in the suffrage boycott of the 1911 census on the night of the 2nd of April. Both Helen and Adela resisted the census - just their names were recorded by the census official. However, they also hosted a mass 'evasion' at the house. A total of 57 people (54 of them female) slept there all of whom aside from Adela, Helen and her children, are unidentified. The male occupants that night included one invited newspaper reporter who wrote about the census evasion: 'It was the merriest of parties...the floor is crowded with sleepers...Their faces are white and drawn with weariness'. Later in 1911, Helen moved to London to become the WSPU's Prisoner's Secretary helping organize whatever was needed for suffragette prisoners. She was herself sentenced to two months in Holloway prison in December this time for breaking a window. Helen continued to work for the WSPU which in 1914 threw itself wholeheartedly into supporting the government's War effort. Between 1917-18 she worked for the Ministry of National Service and continued her involvement with the women's movement through roles in the Six Point Group of Great Britain; Equal Rights International; the Open Door Council; and the Federation of Business and Professional Women among other organizations. Helen also worked throughout her life as a journalist. Elizabeth Crawford, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 (London: 2001); Jill Liddington, Vanishing for the Vote: Suffrage, Citizenship and the Battle for the Census (Manchester: 2014).&#13;
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                    <text>Source: The Birmingham Daily Mail, 31 August, 1911.</text>
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              <text>Miss Helen Dawson was joint secretary of the Coventry WSPU branch with (see) Alice Lea which the two seemed to have been instrumental in founding. Helen appears to have been from Lancashire originally and had spent at least some of her life in Calderbrook near Rochdale where she likely came into contact with her future husband (see) the Rev. Percy Widdrington. In 1908, Helen was caught chalking advertisements for a WSPU meeting on local pavements including outside the Baths Assembley Hall along with Alice Lea. The two women were reportedly 'drenched' by water poured from the windows above on one street  ruining their clothes and washing away their chalked pavement slogans. Undaunted and in retaliation, Helen and Alice 'promptly chalked the steps instead'. Helen lived at 20 Northumberland Road for some time in 1911 likely as a boarder, but seems to be absent from the 1911 census. As a suffragette, she may have been 'evading' the government survey as part of a wider and orchestrated boycott of it by some women in protest at not having a vote. However, we do know that by September 1911, she was living with and married to the votes for women supporting and campaigning local vicar (see) Rev. Percy Widdrington at St. Peter's vicarage. Helen had already been using the vicarage as a postal address for some of her suffrage activities as early as 1909 and the couple had married by August 1911 in Cornwall. In true tabloid style, the headline in the Birmingham Mail read: 'Socialist Vicar Weds Suffragette'. In 1918, they relocated to Essex. Researcher: Tara Morton. Coventry research funded by Warwick University.</text>
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